The review sheets found below are for students in grades 7-12. The material pertains to units covered in Physical Education that may have a written test.
Alexander Hamilton High School
Physical Education
Soccer Review
History
Soccer is considered to be the most popular sport in the world. It is the only sport played on six of the seven continents.
It is impossible to say accurately where and when soccer started - but it is reasonable to assume that some type of ball game - from which the organized sport we know today developed - has been played somewhere on the planet for over 3000 years.
The Field
A soccer team consists of 11 players on a team. They play the game on a rectangular field that is 100-130 yard long, and 50-100 yards wide. The halfway line cuts through a center circle that is 20 yards in diameter. A penalty area, 18 yards long and 44 yards wide, is located in front of each goal. In this area only, the goalkeepers can use their hands to catch and move the ball. No other player is allowed to use their hands within the boundaries of the field. The goal itself is 8 feet high and 24 feet wide. The entire ball must pass over the goal line for a goal to be scored.
Playing the Game
The game, which is played in two 45 min halves, begins with a kickoff in the center circle. The player with the ball must kick it forward to begin play. If during the course of the game the ball crosses either sideline, it is brought back into play with a throw in. With both feet on the ground, the player throws the ball from behind their head to a teammate on the field. A goal kick results when an attacking player kicks the ball over the end line. The defending team places the ball in front of the goal area and kicks the ball downfield. If the defending team kick the ball over their own end line, a corner kick results. The attacking team places the ball in the corner of the field, and kicks it towards the goal. A goal can be scored by kicking or heading the ball into the goal.
A referee on the field controls the game and stops play of fouls, and misconduct. Serious fouls result in a direct kick, and less serious fouls result in an indirect kick. In both types of kicks the offended team receives possession of the ball. A goal can be scored off a direct kick, but not off of an indirect kick.
Serious fouls that occur in the penalty area by the defending team results in a penalty kick. The ball is placed on the penalty kick mark 12 yards from the goal. Only the kicker and the goal keeper are allowed in the penalty area. The kicker attempts to kick the ball past the goalie and into the goal.
Summary
In most parts of the world soccer is know as football. When rugby, and American Football were created the term soccer came into use. The U.S. Soccer Federation was originally formed in 1913. Every four years the World Cup Tournament is played. The current world cup champion is __________. The world cup was played in the United States for the first time in 1994.
ALEXANDER HAMILTON
FLAG FOOTBALL REVIEW
_______________________________________________________________
THE HISTORY OF FLAG FOOTBALL
The game of American football has been played since the mid-1800’s. The first College game occurred between Princeton and Rutgers on November 6th, 1869. The professional game has been played in some form since 1895.
Flag football was developed on military bases in the early 1940’s as a
recreational sport for military personal.
SCORING
Touchdown – 6 points – When a player carries the ball across the goal line or a pass is completed in the end zone.
Conversion - 1 point - After a touchdown is scored a team is given a scrimmage play from 3 yards away from the goal line to either complete a pass in the end zone or carry the ball over the goal line.
Safety - 2 point - When the ball is legally in the possession of a player becomes
dead behind their own goal line. Points are awarded to the opposing team and will receive the ball on the kickoff. * We did not do these in class.*
DEFINITIONS OF PLAYING TERMS
Line of Scrimmage -Offense: imaginary line drawn from the front tip of the ball and parallel to the end line.
Off sides – when a player on the offensive or defensive team crosses the line of
scrimmage before the ball is snapped.
Snapping- handing or passing the ball back from its position on the ground with a quick continuous motion of the hands. The Center snaps the ball to the Quarterback
Down- game unit, which begins with the centering of the ball and ends with a dead ball.
Neutral Zone - a 3 yd. area separating the defensive team from the line of scrimmage.
Hand Off- handing the ball forward behind the line of scrimmage to a backfield player.
Forward Pass- a pass that is thrown by any player behind the line of scrimmage toward the opponent’s goal.
Lateral Pass - a pass that is thrown sideways or back toward the passers goal.
Incomplete Pass- a forward pass that cannot be caught, or is dropped before the receiver can maintain control.
Interception - A catch of an opponent's pass or fumble in flight is an interception.
Fumble- failure of a player to retain possession of the ball while running or while
attempting to receive a kick, hand off, or lateral pass.
Live Ball - A pass or fumble, which has not yet touched the ground, is a live ball in flight and therefore can be caught and advanced by either team.
Punt- ball is held and dropped over the foot and kicked after a snap from the center.
Kick Off - kick where the ball is placed on the ground at the beginning of each half and after a score. *in class, we used the punt instead*
Huddle- two or more players conferring between downs.
Foul – A foul is a rule infraction for which a penalty is assessed.
Goal Line – Each goal line is a vertical plane separating the end zone from the field of play. The plane of goal extends beyond the sideline.
SERIES OF DOWNS, NUMBER OF DOWN
1. Each team receives four (4) downs to pass the zone-line-to-gain or end zone.
2. A new series of downs shall be awarded when a team moves the ball into the next zone on a play free from penalty; or a penalty against the opponents moves the ball into the next zone. * indoors we used the half court line as an automatic first down marker, and outside it was the cone at mid-field.*
Personal Fouls
1. No player shall commit a personal foul during a period or an intermission. Any act prohibited hereunder or any other act of unnecessary roughness is a personal foul. No player shall:
A. Punch, strike, strip, steal, or attempt to steal the ball from a player in possession.
B. Trip an opponent.
C. Contact an opponent who is on the ground.
D. Throw the runner to the ground.
E. Make any contact with an opponent that is deemed unnecessary of any nature including using fists, locked hands, elbows, or any part of the forearm or hand, except according to Flag Rules.
F. Deliberately drive or run into a defensive player.
G. Tackling the runner.
FLAG FOOTBALL REVIEW
_______________________________________________________________
THE HISTORY OF FLAG FOOTBALL
The game of American football has been played since the mid-1800’s. The first College game occurred between Princeton and Rutgers on November 6th, 1869. The professional game has been played in some form since 1895.
Flag football was developed on military bases in the early 1940’s as a
recreational sport for military personal.
SCORING
Touchdown – 6 points – When a player carries the ball across the goal line or a pass is completed in the end zone.
Conversion - 1 point - After a touchdown is scored a team is given a scrimmage play from 3 yards away from the goal line to either complete a pass in the end zone or carry the ball over the goal line.
Safety - 2 point - When the ball is legally in the possession of a player becomes
dead behind their own goal line. Points are awarded to the opposing team and will receive the ball on the kickoff. * We did not do these in class.*
DEFINITIONS OF PLAYING TERMS
Line of Scrimmage -Offense: imaginary line drawn from the front tip of the ball and parallel to the end line.
Off sides – when a player on the offensive or defensive team crosses the line of
scrimmage before the ball is snapped.
Snapping- handing or passing the ball back from its position on the ground with a quick continuous motion of the hands. The Center snaps the ball to the Quarterback
Down- game unit, which begins with the centering of the ball and ends with a dead ball.
Neutral Zone - a 3 yd. area separating the defensive team from the line of scrimmage.
Hand Off- handing the ball forward behind the line of scrimmage to a backfield player.
Forward Pass- a pass that is thrown by any player behind the line of scrimmage toward the opponent’s goal.
Lateral Pass - a pass that is thrown sideways or back toward the passers goal.
Incomplete Pass- a forward pass that cannot be caught, or is dropped before the receiver can maintain control.
Interception - A catch of an opponent's pass or fumble in flight is an interception.
Fumble- failure of a player to retain possession of the ball while running or while
attempting to receive a kick, hand off, or lateral pass.
Live Ball - A pass or fumble, which has not yet touched the ground, is a live ball in flight and therefore can be caught and advanced by either team.
Punt- ball is held and dropped over the foot and kicked after a snap from the center.
Kick Off - kick where the ball is placed on the ground at the beginning of each half and after a score. *in class, we used the punt instead*
Huddle- two or more players conferring between downs.
Foul – A foul is a rule infraction for which a penalty is assessed.
Goal Line – Each goal line is a vertical plane separating the end zone from the field of play. The plane of goal extends beyond the sideline.
SERIES OF DOWNS, NUMBER OF DOWN
1. Each team receives four (4) downs to pass the zone-line-to-gain or end zone.
2. A new series of downs shall be awarded when a team moves the ball into the next zone on a play free from penalty; or a penalty against the opponents moves the ball into the next zone. * indoors we used the half court line as an automatic first down marker, and outside it was the cone at mid-field.*
Personal Fouls
1. No player shall commit a personal foul during a period or an intermission. Any act prohibited hereunder or any other act of unnecessary roughness is a personal foul. No player shall:
A. Punch, strike, strip, steal, or attempt to steal the ball from a player in possession.
B. Trip an opponent.
C. Contact an opponent who is on the ground.
D. Throw the runner to the ground.
E. Make any contact with an opponent that is deemed unnecessary of any nature including using fists, locked hands, elbows, or any part of the forearm or hand, except according to Flag Rules.
F. Deliberately drive or run into a defensive player.
G. Tackling the runner.
Alexander Hamilton High School
Physical Education Volleyball Review
History
In 1895 while a physical education director at the YMCA in Holyoke Massachusetts, William G. Morgan developed a new indoor game called Mintonette. He stretched a tennis net across the floor dividing the court in half and used the bladder of a basketball for the ball. The object of the game was to hit the ball back and forth over the net. Morgan incorporated elements of basketball, tennis, baseball, and handball into his game.
Dimensions
Volleyball is played on a court that is 60 feet long and 30 feet wide. The court is divided by a net, the top of which is 7’ 4 ¼ inches from the floor for college women, and high school play. The height of the net for college men is 7’ 11 5/8 inches.
Rules
Volleyball is played by two teams of six players each, whose primary objective is to make the ball hit the floor on their opponents side of the net. Conversely to win they must keep the ball from hitting the floor on their own side of the net.
* In accordance with “Rally Scoring” if the serving team fails to return the ball properly, it loses the right to serve, and a point is awarded to the other team. Rally Scoring allows a point to be scored every time the ball is served.
* The first play of the game is the serve which is made by the right back player from behind the end line. If the server steps on or over the end line while serving it is called a foot fault. Before serving the players must rotate clockwise one position. The player from the right front position moves to the right back position to serve.
* The receiving team may play the ball no more that three times before it goes back over the net. The ball must be played in the air and must be clearly hit or batted. It may be played with any part of the body. However it may not be visibly thrown or held.
* No player may contact the net.
* If a ball touches the boundary line it is good.
* A player may run outside of his own court to play a ball.
* A team wins the game when that team scores 25 points, with a two point advantage.
* Teams Exchange courts at the end of the game.
* A ball that touches the net but continues to the other side is considered good
* A high school girls varsity volleyball match consists of 3 out of 5 games.
Playing the Ball
* The ball must be visibly hit (not caught or held).
* Simultaneous contact by two teammates is considered one hit.
* If two opposing players contact the ball simultaneously above the net, either may play the ball on the next hit.
* The “forearm pass” or the bump pass is the act of playing the ball with the arms held together below the waist and bouncing the ball off the forearms about 4 inches above the wrists.
* A ball which is hit into the net and rebounds off, may still be played.
* A player may not play the ball play two times in a row.
* Playing the ball above the head with the fingertips is called a set.
ALEXANDER HAMILTON HIGH SCHOOL
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
FLOOR HOCKEY REVIEW
History
The first organized indoor hockey games were played by school children in Battle Creek, Michigan in 1962. The program was developed by Tom Harter, Director of Civic Recreation. The program was so successful that it is now played in school systems throughout the USA, Canada, and in many other countries.
Floor hockey is a fast paced team sport that can be played by both boys and girls of almost any age, size, and at any skill level.
Playing Area and Equipment
Any area that is laid out for basketball, or a similar smooth surface can be used. The playing area should not exceed 50 feet by 75 feet. There is a center line, and a center circle where play begins, and resumes after each goal. There is a goal at each end of the playing area, with a “crease” surrounding it. The crease may also be referred to as the “goal box” and it is 5 feet in front of the goal, and 4 feet on each side of the goal.
The game is played with hockey sticks, and either a puck or a ball. Goalies may wear a mask, and additional padding, and field players may wear eye protection.
The Game
The game consists of three periods that are 8 minutes each. There is a five minute rest time between each period. There are six players on a team. Play starts with a pass by one player from the center circle, everyone else must be outside the circle. Goals may not be scored directly off the pass from the center circle. Substitution is permitted at any time, there are no time outs, and there are no out of bounds. The puck or ball may not be kicked into the goal. After a goal is scored, play resumes at the center circle by the team that did not score.
Scoring
One point is scored each time the puck/ball crosses the goal line. If it crosses in the air, it must touch the back of the goal. The puck/ball can deflect off any player or equipment and be counted as a goal if it crosses the goal line. Goals do not count on a foul.
Fouls
Body contact is not permitted in floor hockey.
Roughing fouls occur when there is any type of blocking, pushing, tripping or hooking with the stick. Slashing is when an opponent is hit with a stick. High sticking (above the shoulders) is also a foul.
Running fouls occur when the puck/ball is touched with the hand other than the goalie, when a goalie throws the puck/ball, or when a player other than the goalie enters the crease.
Any player committing these fouls must sit out 2 minutes, while their team plays short handed (this includes the goalie).
Goalkeeping
The goalie may use hands or stick to clear a shot. Goalie only has 3 seconds to clear the puck/ ball from the crease. The goalie may not throw puck/ball back into play.
ALEXANDER HAMILTON
LACROSSE REVIEW
Brief History
Lacrosse is the oldest sport in North America. Rooted in Native American religion, lacrosse was often played to resolve conflicts. It also served as a preparation for war. Legend tells of as many as 1,000 players per side, from the same or different tribes, who took turns engaging in a violent contest. Contestants played on a field from one to 15 miles in length, and games sometimes lasted for days.
Canadian George Beers standardized the game in 1867 with the adoption of set field dimensions, limits to the number of players per team and other basic rules
Playing the Game
Women's lacrosse is a non-contact game played by 12 players: a goalkeeper, five attackers and six defenders. The high school girl's game is 50 minutes long, each half being 25 minutes.
Men's lacrosse is a contact game played by ten players. Generally, high school games are 48 minutes long, with 12-minute quarters.
The object of the game is to shoot the ball into the opponent's goal. The team scoring the most goals wins.
Field players may pass, catch or run with the ball in their crosse. A player may gain possession of the ball by dislodging it from an opponent's crosse with a check.
The goalie has special padding and a crosse with an extra large head. The goal measures 6’ high by 6’ wide.
Personal Fouls
Slashing: Occurs when a player's stick viciously contacts an opponent in any area other than the stick or gloved hand on the stick.
Tripping: Occurs when a player obstructs his opponent at or below the waist with the crosse, hands, arms, feet or legs.
Cross Checking: Occurs when a player uses the handle of his crosse between his hands to make contact with an opponent.
Illegal Body Checking: Occurs when any of the following actions takes place:
a. body checking an opponent who is not in possession of the ball or within five yards of a loose ball.
b. avoidable body check of an opponent after he has passed or shot the ball.
c. body checking an opponent from the rear or at or below the waist.
d. body checking an opponent above the shoulders. A body check must be below the shoulders and above the waist, and both hands of the player applying the body check must remain in contact with his crosse.
Lacrosse Terms
Body Check: Contact with an opponent from the front - between the shoulders and waist when the opponent has the ball or is within five yards of a loose ball.
Clearing: Running or passing the ball from the defensive half of the field to the attack goal area.
Crease: A circle around the goal with a radius of nine feet into which only defensive players may enter.
Crosse (Stick): The equipment used to throw, catch and carry the ball.
Face-Off: A technique used to put the ball in play at the start of each quarter, or after a goal is scored. The players squat down and the ball is placed between their crosses.
Stand: In women’s lacrosse all players, except the goalkeeper in her goal circle, must remain stationary following the sound of any whistle.
Sphere: An imaginary area, approximately 18 cm (seven inches) which surrounds a player's head. No stick checks toward the head are allowed to break the sphere.
Cradle: A hitch movement that creates centripetal force to keep the ball in the crosse.
Scooping the ball: is the technique used to lift a ground ball into the crosse.
Physical Education Volleyball Review
History
In 1895 while a physical education director at the YMCA in Holyoke Massachusetts, William G. Morgan developed a new indoor game called Mintonette. He stretched a tennis net across the floor dividing the court in half and used the bladder of a basketball for the ball. The object of the game was to hit the ball back and forth over the net. Morgan incorporated elements of basketball, tennis, baseball, and handball into his game.
Dimensions
Volleyball is played on a court that is 60 feet long and 30 feet wide. The court is divided by a net, the top of which is 7’ 4 ¼ inches from the floor for college women, and high school play. The height of the net for college men is 7’ 11 5/8 inches.
Rules
Volleyball is played by two teams of six players each, whose primary objective is to make the ball hit the floor on their opponents side of the net. Conversely to win they must keep the ball from hitting the floor on their own side of the net.
* In accordance with “Rally Scoring” if the serving team fails to return the ball properly, it loses the right to serve, and a point is awarded to the other team. Rally Scoring allows a point to be scored every time the ball is served.
* The first play of the game is the serve which is made by the right back player from behind the end line. If the server steps on or over the end line while serving it is called a foot fault. Before serving the players must rotate clockwise one position. The player from the right front position moves to the right back position to serve.
* The receiving team may play the ball no more that three times before it goes back over the net. The ball must be played in the air and must be clearly hit or batted. It may be played with any part of the body. However it may not be visibly thrown or held.
* No player may contact the net.
* If a ball touches the boundary line it is good.
* A player may run outside of his own court to play a ball.
* A team wins the game when that team scores 25 points, with a two point advantage.
* Teams Exchange courts at the end of the game.
* A ball that touches the net but continues to the other side is considered good
* A high school girls varsity volleyball match consists of 3 out of 5 games.
Playing the Ball
* The ball must be visibly hit (not caught or held).
* Simultaneous contact by two teammates is considered one hit.
* If two opposing players contact the ball simultaneously above the net, either may play the ball on the next hit.
* The “forearm pass” or the bump pass is the act of playing the ball with the arms held together below the waist and bouncing the ball off the forearms about 4 inches above the wrists.
* A ball which is hit into the net and rebounds off, may still be played.
* A player may not play the ball play two times in a row.
* Playing the ball above the head with the fingertips is called a set.
ALEXANDER HAMILTON HIGH SCHOOL
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
FLOOR HOCKEY REVIEW
History
The first organized indoor hockey games were played by school children in Battle Creek, Michigan in 1962. The program was developed by Tom Harter, Director of Civic Recreation. The program was so successful that it is now played in school systems throughout the USA, Canada, and in many other countries.
Floor hockey is a fast paced team sport that can be played by both boys and girls of almost any age, size, and at any skill level.
Playing Area and Equipment
Any area that is laid out for basketball, or a similar smooth surface can be used. The playing area should not exceed 50 feet by 75 feet. There is a center line, and a center circle where play begins, and resumes after each goal. There is a goal at each end of the playing area, with a “crease” surrounding it. The crease may also be referred to as the “goal box” and it is 5 feet in front of the goal, and 4 feet on each side of the goal.
The game is played with hockey sticks, and either a puck or a ball. Goalies may wear a mask, and additional padding, and field players may wear eye protection.
The Game
The game consists of three periods that are 8 minutes each. There is a five minute rest time between each period. There are six players on a team. Play starts with a pass by one player from the center circle, everyone else must be outside the circle. Goals may not be scored directly off the pass from the center circle. Substitution is permitted at any time, there are no time outs, and there are no out of bounds. The puck or ball may not be kicked into the goal. After a goal is scored, play resumes at the center circle by the team that did not score.
Scoring
One point is scored each time the puck/ball crosses the goal line. If it crosses in the air, it must touch the back of the goal. The puck/ball can deflect off any player or equipment and be counted as a goal if it crosses the goal line. Goals do not count on a foul.
Fouls
Body contact is not permitted in floor hockey.
Roughing fouls occur when there is any type of blocking, pushing, tripping or hooking with the stick. Slashing is when an opponent is hit with a stick. High sticking (above the shoulders) is also a foul.
Running fouls occur when the puck/ball is touched with the hand other than the goalie, when a goalie throws the puck/ball, or when a player other than the goalie enters the crease.
Any player committing these fouls must sit out 2 minutes, while their team plays short handed (this includes the goalie).
Goalkeeping
The goalie may use hands or stick to clear a shot. Goalie only has 3 seconds to clear the puck/ ball from the crease. The goalie may not throw puck/ball back into play.
ALEXANDER HAMILTON
LACROSSE REVIEW
Brief History
Lacrosse is the oldest sport in North America. Rooted in Native American religion, lacrosse was often played to resolve conflicts. It also served as a preparation for war. Legend tells of as many as 1,000 players per side, from the same or different tribes, who took turns engaging in a violent contest. Contestants played on a field from one to 15 miles in length, and games sometimes lasted for days.
Canadian George Beers standardized the game in 1867 with the adoption of set field dimensions, limits to the number of players per team and other basic rules
Playing the Game
Women's lacrosse is a non-contact game played by 12 players: a goalkeeper, five attackers and six defenders. The high school girl's game is 50 minutes long, each half being 25 minutes.
Men's lacrosse is a contact game played by ten players. Generally, high school games are 48 minutes long, with 12-minute quarters.
The object of the game is to shoot the ball into the opponent's goal. The team scoring the most goals wins.
Field players may pass, catch or run with the ball in their crosse. A player may gain possession of the ball by dislodging it from an opponent's crosse with a check.
The goalie has special padding and a crosse with an extra large head. The goal measures 6’ high by 6’ wide.
Personal Fouls
Slashing: Occurs when a player's stick viciously contacts an opponent in any area other than the stick or gloved hand on the stick.
Tripping: Occurs when a player obstructs his opponent at or below the waist with the crosse, hands, arms, feet or legs.
Cross Checking: Occurs when a player uses the handle of his crosse between his hands to make contact with an opponent.
Illegal Body Checking: Occurs when any of the following actions takes place:
a. body checking an opponent who is not in possession of the ball or within five yards of a loose ball.
b. avoidable body check of an opponent after he has passed or shot the ball.
c. body checking an opponent from the rear or at or below the waist.
d. body checking an opponent above the shoulders. A body check must be below the shoulders and above the waist, and both hands of the player applying the body check must remain in contact with his crosse.
Lacrosse Terms
Body Check: Contact with an opponent from the front - between the shoulders and waist when the opponent has the ball or is within five yards of a loose ball.
Clearing: Running or passing the ball from the defensive half of the field to the attack goal area.
Crease: A circle around the goal with a radius of nine feet into which only defensive players may enter.
Crosse (Stick): The equipment used to throw, catch and carry the ball.
Face-Off: A technique used to put the ball in play at the start of each quarter, or after a goal is scored. The players squat down and the ball is placed between their crosses.
Stand: In women’s lacrosse all players, except the goalkeeper in her goal circle, must remain stationary following the sound of any whistle.
Sphere: An imaginary area, approximately 18 cm (seven inches) which surrounds a player's head. No stick checks toward the head are allowed to break the sphere.
Cradle: A hitch movement that creates centripetal force to keep the ball in the crosse.
Scooping the ball: is the technique used to lift a ground ball into the crosse.